Ordinary and extraordinary brain development: Anatomical variation in developmental dyslexia     

Albert M. Galaburda M.D. 《Annals of dyslexia》1989,39(1):65-80

Eight brains, six male and two female, of reliably diagnosed cases of developmental dyslexia have been analyzed in this laboratory thus far. Common to all the specimens is the absence of ordinary asymmetry in the planum temporale, a language relevant area of the temporal lobe. In addition, the male cases and one female case displayed multiple focal areas of malformation of the cerebral cortex, located variably in the language relevant perisylvian regions and to a greater or lesser extent bilaterally. Both female cases and, to a mild degree, one of the males display focal areas of cortical scarring dated to the end of pregnancy through to the end of the second year of life at the latest. The scarring tends to be located in the vascular watershed territories. Experimental animal research suggests that symmetry may represent absence of the necessary developmental pruning of neural networks required for specific functions such as language. This diminished pruning results in excessive neurons and (at least interhemispheric) connections. Additional modeling in experimental animals suggests that cortical malformations and scarring similar to those seen in the dyslexic brains may represent early focal injury that could be attributed to congenital disorders of the immune system. The work reported here has been supported, in part, by NIH grant NICHD 20806, The Orton Dyslexia Society, and the Carl J. Herzog Foundation.  相似文献   

Teacher dilemmas in challenging students in higher education     

Karin Scager  Sanne F. Akkerman  Albert Pilot  Theo Wubbels 《Teaching in Higher Education》2017,22(3):318-335

Students need to be challenged to stimulate their learning. Applying challenge in practice however is not straightforward. Challenging students may conflict with other teacher responsibilities, creating potential dilemmas for teachers. This study discloses dilemmas teachers encounter when challenging students as well as the considerations accompanying their actual choices for action when coping with these dilemmas. Based on interviews with teachers, first, a dilemma analysis instrument was developed. Seven main categories of dilemmas were found. One of the main dilemmas encompassed maximizing challenge versus keeping all students on board. University students differ in their ability, confronting teachers with the feeling that choosing to serve one group could be detrimental to the learning of others. The diversity of choices and considerations brought forward by the teachers indicates that it matters who the teacher is, and what he or she stands for and is able to do.  相似文献   

The testosterone hypothesis: Assessment since Geschwind and Behan, 1982     

Albert M. Galaburda M.D. 《Annals of dyslexia》1990,40(1):18-38

The Geschwind hypothesis proposes a causal interaction among non-right-handedness, immune disorders, and learning disabilities, including dyslexia, via the intrauterine action of the male hormone testosterone. Some epidemiologic studies have supported at least a statistical association among the three traits; others have not. The associations between learning disorders and immune disease and between learning disorders and non-righthandedness appear to be better supported than that between immune disorders and non-right-handedness. However, none of data thus far accumulated are conclusive because it is not clear that the samples studied have been truly representative. The neuropathologic evidence, both in autopsy studies in human dyslexics and in animal models of developmental cortical abnormalities, are consistent with but not diagnostic of immunological pathology. Mechanisms are discussed by which an abnormal immune system could thus injure the developing brain, with an emphasis placed on abnormal maternal-fetal interactions, including maternal autoimmune disease and maternal-fetal incompatibility. A genetic origin is also possible in which the maternal role is less significant. Some of the research reported here was supported by NIH grants HD 20806, HD 19819, by a grant from the Carl W. Herzog Foundation, and by a grant from The Orton Dyslexia Society. The Norman Geschwind Memorial Lecture, delivered at The 40th Annual Conference of The Orton Dyslexia Society, Dallas, Texas, December 2, 1989.  相似文献   

The work of Ambroise Tardieu: the first definitive description of child abuse     

Roche AJ  Fortin G  Labbé J  Brown J  Chadwick D 《Child abuse & neglect》2005,29(4):325-334

The first important monograph describing the battered child syndrome was written in 1860 by Ambroise Tardieu, a French forensic physician. Here is a translation of his article, published in the Annales d'hygiene publique et de medecine legale, with the title "Etude medico-legale sur les sevices et mauvais traitements exerces sur des enfants." The first part of his article is entirely translated. A brief summary of the 32 cases report described by Tardieu in the second part of his article is presented.  相似文献   

Do troublesome pupils impact teacher perception of the behaviour of their classmates?     

Albert W. Wienen  Laura Batstra  Ernst Thoutenhoofd  Elisabeth H. Bos  Peter de Jonge 《欧洲特需教育杂志》2019,34(1):114-123

The widely supported wish for more inclusive education places ever greater expectations on teachers’ abilities to teach all children, including those with special needs and challenging behaviours. The present study aimed at the question whether teachers judge pupil behaviour more negatively if there are more children with difficult behaviour in class. The teachers of 184 classes in 31 regular primary schools were asked to complete the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-L) for 3649 pupils. Six linear mixed models were carried out with as independent variable the number of pupils that teachers perceived to have ‘abnormal behaviour’, and the class mean without these pupils as the dependent variable. For all SDQ-L subscales – emotional problems, behavioural problems, problems with hyperactivity, problems with peers, poor prosocial behaviour and total problems – the number of pupils perceived as problematic was associated with less favourable teacher perceptions of the rest of the class. The results of this study are a plea for a contextual perspective on pupil behaviour in class, both where teachers are asked to report on individual pupils, as well as where interventions are done on emotional and behavioural problems in class.  相似文献   

A study of the validity of four types of student ratings of college teaching assessed on a criterion of student achievement gains     

Dr. Gordon E. Greenwood  Al Hazelton  Albert B. Smith  William B. Ware 《Research in higher education》1976,5(2):171-178

The purpose of the study was to investigate relationships between student ratings of college teaching using four types of student rating instruments and pre- vs. post-student achievement gains in 36 sections of an undergraduate analytic geometry and calculus course. Student rating instruments used varied according to type of items (high vs. low inference) and focus (students rating their own perceived growth vs. rating the instructor). Data were collected on 799 students (66% freshmen; 16% sophomore; and 15% juniors) at the University of Florida, and relationships were analyzed using the Pearson product-moment correlation technique. Significant relationships were not found between student ratings and student achievement.  相似文献   

From post-modernism to modernity again. From modernity to a paradigm shift     

Albert Ferrer 《Educational Philosophy and Theory》2018,50(14):1428-1429

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One-trial excitatory backward conditioning as assessed by conditioned suppression of licking in rats: Concurrent observations of lick suppression and defensive behaviors     

John J. B. Ayres  Christopher Haddad  Melody Albert 《Learning & behavior》1987,15(2):212-217

Twenty-eight male albino rats were given a single 4-sec 1-mA electric-grid-shock unconditioned stimulus (US). In the same session they received two 12-sec conditioned stimuli (CSs). One CS (explicitly unpaired) terminated 180 sec before the US began; the other (backward paired) began immediately after the US terminated. The CSs used were a 1000-Hz 85-dB tone and an 84-dB click; their roles were counterbalanced. Over the next 2 days, each CS was presented for 2 min while the rats drank from a water bottle. The backward-paired CS was found to suppress licking more than the explicitly unpaired CS. This suppression was accompanied by an increase in defensive behavior (freezing and freeze/nod) and by a decrease in other activity. The suppression did not seem to be due to a maintained or enhanced CS-orienting response reflex, nor could it be attributed to an adventitiously reinforced interfering operant. The results support the presumption made in previous reports that the lick suppression evoked by a backward CS reflected one-trial backward excitatory fear conditioning.  相似文献   

Opening the ivory tower's door: An analysis of the determinants of the formation of U.S. university spin-off companies     

Albert N. Link  John T. Scott 《Research Policy》2005,34(7):1106-1112

This paper presents findings from an analysis of the determinants of the formation of university spin-off companies within the university's research park. We find that university spin-off companies are a greater proportion of the companies in older parks and in parks that are associated with richer university research environments. We also find that university spin-off companies are a larger proportion of companies in parks that are geographically closer to their university and in parks that have a biotechnology focus.  相似文献   

Improving access to and understanding of regulations through taxonomies     

Chin Pang Cheng  Gloria T. Lau  Kincho H. Law  Jiayi Pan  Albert Jones 《Government Information Quarterly》2009

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